Tibet and China’s Orientalists: Knowledge, Power, and the Construction of Minority Identity

Authors

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1475934

Keywords:

Orientalism, Tibet, Buddhism, propaganda

Abstract

This article explores the salience of Edward Said's characterization of European Orientalists to contemporary Chinese academics working on Tibetan Buddhism. While Said's work has been criticized for selective citations and for focusing on work that is long out of date, Orientalist tropes are pervasive in current tibetological work published in China, including articles in purportedly scholarly journals. This work is closely connected with government propaganda, and it is often explicitly directed by members of the government to further agendas of suppression. Equally importantly, the article examines the ways in which Tibetans are presented with a version of their religion that bears little or no resemblance to how they traditionally have understood it; but it is also an image that Tibetans are increasingly being coerced to endorse.

Author Biography

John Powers, Deakin University

John Powers is a Fellow of the Australian Academy of Humanities and a Research Professor in the Alfred Deakin Institute for Citizenship and Globalisation. He is the author of sixteen books and more than 100 articles and book chapters, mainly on Buddhism.

References

Burton, Adrian P. 2000. “Temples, Texts, and Taxes: The Bhagavad-gītā and the Politico-Religious Identity of the Caitanya Sect.” Ph.D. dissertation, Australian National University.

Chen, Qingying 陈庆英. 2008. The System of the Dalai Lama Reincarnation. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.

Chen, Qingying and Wang Xiangyun. 2008. “Tibetology in China: A Survey.” Monica Esposito (ed.). Images of Tibet in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient: 611–681.

Dalton, Jacob. 2011. 2004. “The Development of Perfection: The Interiorization of Buddhist Ritual in the Eighth and Ninth Centuries.” Journal of Indian Philosophy, vol. 32, #1: 1–30.

. The Taming of Demons: Violence and Liberation in Tibetan Buddhism. New Haven: Yale University Press.

Davidson, Ronald M. 2002. Indian Esoteric Buddhism: A Social History of the Tantric Movement. New York: Columbia University Press.

Dondrup Tsering [Dongzhu Cairang 東主才讓]. 1999. The Marvelous Spectacle of Tibetan Tantra [藏传佛教密宗器官 Zangchuan Fojiao Mizong Qiguan]. Xining: Qinghai People's Publishing House.

Dreyfus, Georges. 1998. “The Shuk-den Affair: The History and Nature of a Quarrel.” Journal of The International Association of Buddhist Studies, #18.1: 227–270.

Ellul, Jacques. 1973. Propaganda: The Formation of Men’s Attitudes. New York: Vintage Books.

Ga, Zangjia. 2003. Tibetan Religions. Beijing: China Intercontinental Press.

Gladney, Dru C. 2004. Dislocating China: Muslims, Minorities, and Other Subaltern Subjects. Chicago: University of Chicago Press.

Immigration and Refugee Board of Canada. 2007. “China: The second-generation Resident Identity Card; security features; and how the card is tested for authenticity.” July 3: CHN102481.E: http://www.refworld.org/docid/46c4037fc.html; accessed April 24, 2018.

Kapstein, Matthew T. 2008. “Tibetan Tibetology? Sketches of an Emerging Discipline.” Monica Esposito (ed.). Images of Tibet in the 19th and 20th Centuries. Paris: École française d’Extrême-Orient: 799–815.

Kezhu Qunpei 克珠群佩著. 2009. Research on Tibetan Buddhism: Collected Essays by Chinese Buddhism Scholars [西藏佛教研究 Xizang Fojiao Yanjiu]. Beijing: Zongjiao Wenhua Chubanshe 宗教文化出版社.

Kvaerne, Per (ed.). 1995. The Bon Religion of Tibet. London: Serindia Publications.

Leibold, James. 2007. Reconfiguring Chinese Nationalism: How the Qing Frontier and its Indigenes Became Chinese. New York: Palgrave Macmillan.

Lewis, Bernard. 1982. “The Question of Orientalism.” New York Review of Books, June 24: https://www.amherst.edu/media/view/307584/original/The+Question+of+Orientalism+by+Bernard+Lewis+%7C+The+New+York+Review+of+Books.pdf. Accessed April 20, 2011.

Li, An-che. 1994. History of Tibetan Religion: A Study in the Field. Beijing: New World Press.

Miller, Roy A. 1988. “The Sino-Tibetan Hypothesis.” Bulletin of the School of History and Philology, Academia Sinica, 59.2.1: 509–540.

Powers, John. 2017. The Buddha Party: How the People’s Republic of China Works to Define and Control Tibetan Buddhism. New York: Oxford University Press.

. 2004. History as Propaganda: Tibetan Exiles Versus the People’s Republic of China. New York: Oxford University Press.

. 2007. Introduction to Tibetan Buddhism (2nd ed.). Ithaca, NY: Snow Lion Publications.

. 2011. “Yogācāra.” Jay L. Garfield and William Edelglass (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of World Philosophy. New York: Oxford University Press: 222–232.

Said, Edward W. 1979. Orientalism. New York: Vantage Books.

Samuel, Geoffrey. 1990. “Shamanism, Bon and Tibetan Religion.” Charles Ramble and Martin Brauen (ed.). Anthropology of Tibet and the Himalayas. Zürich: Ethnological Museum of the University of Zürich: 318–330.

Stein, Rolf A. 2010. Rolf Stein’s Tibetica Antiqua. With Additional Materials. Trans. and ed. Arthur P. McKeown. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Waddell, L. Austine. 1884. The Buddhism of Tibet or Lamaism: With Its Mystic Cults, Symbolism and Mythology, and Its Relation to Indian Buddhism. London: W.H. Allen.

Walter, Michael L. 2009. Buddhism and Empire: The Political and Religious Culture of Early Tibet. Leiden: E.J. Brill.

Zhang, Xiaoming. 2004. Tibetan Buddhism. Beijing: China Pictorial Publishing House.

Downloads

Published

2018-11-04

How to Cite

Powers, John. 2018. “Tibet and China’s Orientalists: Knowledge, Power, and the Construction of Minority Identity”. Journal of Global Buddhism 19 (November):1-19. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.1475934.